An example of this is the 1976 National Film Board of Canada short, "Mindscape".Ī variation of stop motion (and possibly more conceptually associated with traditional flat cel animation and paper drawing animation, but still technically qualifying as stop motion) is graphic animation which is the animation of photographs (in whole or in parts) and other non-drawn flat visual graphic material.
With lights set up at 90 degree angles to the screen, the shadows of extended pins fall on the heads of more retracted pins, creating a variety of silhouetted images that are animated frame-by-frame as various pins are carefully pushed in and/or out of the screen. Using a system of rollers, brayers, and other tools, various pins are pushed in and/or out of the screen to varying degrees, all carefully controlled. Pinscreen animation consists of thousands (or even millions) of pins evenly placed on a screen, able to be pushed and/or pulled through the screen, from both sides of the screen. One unusual (and certainly an exacting and laborious) stop motion technique is called pinscreen animation, first developed in Europe in the 1920s and refined in later decades by various animators working for the National Film Board of Canada. Examples are the films of Mike Jittlov such as his "The Wizard of Speed and Time" short film (1980) and feature film of the same name (1987-9), the startling French 1989 short "Gisele Kerozene" by Eisa Cayo and Jan Kunen, and some of the work of Scottish pioneer animator Norman McLaren. Stop motion is also the means for producing pixilation, the animation of a living human being or animal, seen in whole or in part. Stop motion is used to produce the animated movements of "any" non-drawn objects, including toys, blocks and dolls. An example is Priestly's "Candy Jam" film, also from the mid-1990s, which can be considered object animation (defined below).
Gratz has also collaborated with other animators such as Joanna Priestly of Portland, Oregon, to produce films that animated 3-D objects on the flat animation table.
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It was developed by another Vinton animator, Craig Bartlett, for his series of "Arnold" short films, also made during the 1990s. This technique was pioneered by one-time Vinton animator Joan Gratz, in her Oscar-nominated film "The Creation" (1980) and her Oscar-winning "Mona Lisa Descending a Staircase", filmed in 1992.Ī variation of this technique is to build up clay images that rise off the plane of the flat support platform, toward the camera lens, to give the film a more 3-D stop-motion look. It is a variation of the direct manipulation animation process mentioned below, and blurs the distinction between stop motion and traditional flat animation. Pioneered in both clay and blocks of wax by German animator Oskar Fischinger during the 1920s and 30s, the technique was revived and highly refined in the mid-90s by David Daniels, an associate of Will Vinton, in his mind-numbing 16-minute short film "Buzz Box".Ī final clay animation technique is clay painting, where clay is placed on a flat surface and moved like "wet" oil paints, as on a traditional artistic canvas, to produce images of any style but with a clay look. One variation of clay animation is strata-cut animation in which a long bread-like loaf of clay, internally packed tight and loaded with varying imagery, is sliced into thin sheets, with the camera taking a frame of the end of the loaf for each cut, eventually revealing the movement of the internal images within.
Ivan Stang's animated films, or it can be "character" clay animation where the clay maintains a recognizable character throughout a shot, as in Art Clokey's and Will Vinton's films. Clay animation can take the style of "freeform" clay animation where the shape of the clay changes radically as the animation progresses, such as in the work of Eliot Noyes Jr and Church of the Subgenius co-founder Rev. Stop motion is central to the techniques used on popular children's shows such as " Gumby" and most of the films of Claymation producer Will Vinton and his associates.
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Software applications such as Stop Motion Pro and the free AnimatorDV make use of this technique. Clay figures are often used in stop motion animations, known as claymation, for their ease of repositioning. The object is moved by small amounts between individually photographed frames, creating the illusion of movement when the series of frames are played as a continuous sequence. Stop motion (or frame-by-frame) animation is an animation technique to make a physically manipulated object appear to move on its own.
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